Chemical engineering site already published articles on cooling tower components and cooling tower efficiency calculations. Most cooling towers work based on the principle of evaporative cooling. As a result, the speed of exhaust air is much higher than the air that enters. The cooling tower is then calibrated to the actual cooling tower. If you read this book carefully, you can make any cooling tower design programs by yourself. Figure 2 induced draft axial fan counterflow cooling tower figure 3 forced draft, centrifugal fan, counterflow, open circuit cooling tower. Which type of cooling tower is more efficient, cross flow. Cooling tower performance drift thermal science all evaporative cooling products, where air and water come into direct contact, experience some level of drift. Pdf in this paper, performance evaluation of wet cooling tower is done.
Ns7 counterflow nozzles water distribution nozzles the marley ns7 counterflow nozzle is an injection molded polypropylene unit consisting of two partsthe main assembly with integral turbulator and an edpm rubber grommet. Counterflow design cooling towers usually offer a smaller footprint than crossflow towers and allow maximum thermal performance out of each plan area. An exergy analysis on the performance of a counterflow wet cooling tower. A schematic illustration and photo of the used experimental apparatus are shown in fig. The marley industrial counterflow cooling tower has proven itself as one of the most efficient and reliable designs ever. What if instead of relying on the air to enter the tower naturally, you forced it in with a fan. The thermal performance prediction of wetcooling towers is critically analyzed and refined. Accurately designed and manufactured in tandem with the latest market advancements and developments, these products are widely utilized in varied places. A hsfd cooling tower has a diameter and height that are two thirds and one half, respectively, the size they would be for a natural draft cooling tower designed for the same performance. Counterflow cooling towers pull air up from the bottom of the cooling tower, through the fill media and out the top, while pressurized spray nozzles spray water downward in. Water enters at the top of the tower at temperature t w,in and mass flow rate l, and leaves the tower at temperature t w,out. Which type of cooling tower is more efficient, cross flow or. Experimental investigation of the performance characteristics of a counterflow wet cooling tower article in international journal of thermal sciences 4910. Drift is defined as liquid water droplets from the recirculating flow entrained in the discharge air stream.
In a crossflow tower the fill is usually installed at some angle to the vertical to make provision for the inward motion of droplets due to drag forces caused. Counterflow cooling towers can approach the wet bulb temperature better compared to crossflow cooling towers. Pdf an exergy analysis on the performance of a counterflow. Performance analyses of counterflow closed wet cooling towers. To achieve this aim, first, thermal behavior of counterflow wet cooling tower. The effect of counterflow polacel cmdif cooling towers work on the principle of.
The effect of counterflow polacel cmdif cooling towers work on the principle of counterflow. Experimental study of cooling tower performance using. Its role is to remove heat from a process, usually either a direct manufacturing process or from the condenser of a chiller. Parametric studies even if the performance predicted by the software is not 100% matched to the actual cooling tower performance, the software can still be used with confidence to do parametric studies, i. There are many factors affecting the performance of counter flow cooling towers, the air water ratio. Hvac design cooling towers a suncam online continuing education course.
With the addition of steel fill series v cooling towers are also ideal for high temperature applications. The effect of the air water ratio on counter flow cooling tower. Cooling tower efficiency calculations chemical engineering site. Proven with nearly 60 years of service, the counterflow splash fill cooling tower is best suited for industrial applications where water quality is not controlled.
Forced draft cooling tower can be square or rectangular type only. Both tower systems are designed to a required cooling tower duty thus the thermal performance and cooling capability for both tower systems, if designed well, are equal. Cooling tower performance in free cooling applications is dependent upon both the system and cooling tower design. The fan induces the ambient air into the tower to draft it upward. The major concern during i study the cooling tower theory was how to computerize the cooling tower theory from the calculation of ntu to the cooling tower performance analysis. Seriesseries counterflow for central chilled water plants. A crossflow tower only has two air inlets compared to four on a counterflow cooling tower, see. The performance of the cooling tower, water outlet temperature, and efficiency is expressed as functions of the waterto.
This course covers 18 sections of comprehensive information on evaporative cooling towers and provides important aspects of cooling tower types, sizing, selection and performance issues. In general, the most applications rely on the use of evaporative cooling tower systems, which include wet cooling towers, cooling ponds or spray ponds. Range range is determined not by the cooling tower, but by the process it is serving. Accordingly, the range is determined by the heat load and water flow rate, not by the size or thermal capability the cooling tower. Counterflow cooling tower ask price from our excellent range of inputs, we are affianced in delivering to our patrons a supreme quality collection of counterflow cooling tower.
Counterflow cooling tower diagram difference between crossflow and counterflow cooling towers. Cooling tower is an essential piece in most of the chemical process industries and in hvac applications. Hyperbolic stack forced draft hsfd cooling towers combine the hyperbolic shape of a natural draft cooling tower with the use of large motordriven fans. The even temperature gradient of the counterflow fill design makes the at cooling tower the ideal unit for operation in freezing climates. Experimental analysis on performance of a counter flow tray type.
Series v cooling towers offer a wide range of capacities, minimal sound levels, low installation costs, yearround operating reliability, and are easy to maintain. Pdf cooling tower is one of the most suitable system for evaporative cooling of hot water in comparison with other types of evaporative. Counter flow vs cross flow counter flow cooling tower. Student can calculate effectiveness of the cooling tower, t range, t approach 4. For example, a cooling tower sized to cool 4540 m 3hr through a. This means that the water flows down while the air is pulled upwards by a fan. The cooling performance of these cooling towers is optimal and operation is problem free. The towers essentially a cooling tower is a type of heat exchanger. Approximately half of the fill used in crossflow cooling towers, and virtually all that which it utilized in counterflow cooling towers is filmtype. Cooling towers are used in facilities where process cooling is required in order to. Ns7 nozzles are designed to economically provide desired thermal performance at low spray heights typical of factory. If the hot water temp is constant and the range is specified with a lower cold water temp, then the tower.
Figure 4 forced draft, counterflow, blower fan tower. The main part of the installation is the cooling tower, hav. Df381 counterflow film fill n highperformance lowclog design n bottom supported nes minimum number of requir supports nog configuration l marley df381 is a film fill system designed to significantly reduce the risk. Student can use the psychrometric chart for determining the specific humidity, specific enthalpy, relative humidity 3. The effect of counterflow systems functions cmc cooling towers work on the principle of counterflow. The air distribution systems for counterflow and crossflow towers have advantages and disadvantages inherent in their respective designs. Experimental study of cooling tower performance using ceramic. There are many different types of cooling towers but the cooling tower working principles stay pretty much the same. Performance assessment of a counter flow cooling towerunique. The f400 cooling tower is a logical engineered evolution of this proven design, making use of pultruded fiberglass shapes as structural members. Keep in mind that cooling towers recycle more than 98% of the recirculating water, resulting in tremendous reductions in both water and energy use versus either once through or air cooled systems. Pdf performance assessment of a counter flow cooling tower.
This is because of the air inlets on each style of tower. Counterflow and crossflow, fielderected we do things differently and it makes all the difference for you 4150 international plaza, suite 500 fort worth, texas 761094826 817. Cooling tower fundamentals spx cooling technologies. Simulation of a counterflow and crossflow cooling tower by. The counterflow splash fill cooling tower is the predecessor to the counterflow film fill cooling tower. Counter flow cooling towers are fitted with an induced draught fan on the top and are directly mounted on the motor. What else can you do to improve the cooling towers performance. This cooling tower quiz module covers the design, calculations, operations and cooling water treatment etc which will be a refresher for the experience. Ambient air enters at the bottom of the tower at mass flow rate g with specific enthalpy h a,in and flows upwards in counterflow to the falling water.
Other factors, which we will see, must be stated along with flow rate m3hr. It is equally effective in either type cooling tower. Marley f400 class counterflow cooling tower marketing. Pdf performance evaluation of counterflow wet cooling towers. Difference between crossflow and counterflow cooling towers.
They reject process heat from the cooling water to atmosphere and keep the water cool. Factors affecting cooling tower performance range, flow and heat load range is a direct function of the quantity of water circulated and the heat load. Apr 08, 2018 cooling tower efficiency calculation is described in this article. Cooling tower efficiency calculation is described in this article. Cooling towers can be split into two distinct categories. Evaporative cooling is the process where warm water from an industrial process is pumped up to the top of the cooling tower where the water distribution system is. Cooling tower is one of the most suitable system for evaporative cooling of hot water in comparison with other types of evaporative cooling systems.
How counterflow and crossflow towers differ june 04. Student has deep understanding on principles of cooling tower 2. In the counter flow induced draft design, hot water enters at the top, while the. The counterflow design of the at cooling tower fill section reduces the chance of ice formation and with bottom support, eliminates fill collapse should ice form. Counter flow vs cross flow water cooling tower cooling.
In counterflow cooling tower system processes, the air vertically flows upwards, counter to the water flow in the fill media. Experimental investigation of the performance characteristics. Phd thesis wetcooling tower thermal performance evaluation. Midwest cooling towers offers a wide choice of counterflow cooling tower models in spaceefficient, counterflow design. Evaporation results from the difference in saturated pressure between the water films and the vapor pressure of moisture in the air passing through the fill. Cooling tower plays a major role in chemical process industry. Increasing the range as a result of added heat requires an increase in tower size.
In open circuit systems the recirculating water returns to the tower after 1 one ton of refrigeration is equal to 12,000 btuhour. Induced draft cooling tower uses more compact ground area than forced draft cooling tower equivalent capacity due to absence of fan on one side. Performance assessment of a counter flow cooling tower. Again, this will be a first issue releasing the actual engineering approach. Below is the summary of steps in the cooling tower design process in industry. Cooling towers visual encyclopedia of chemical engineering. The overall efficiency of a cooling tower is directly related to the design of the towers water distribution and heat. Highefficiency crosscorrugated pvc film packing materials first introduced in the u. Vt1 counterflow cooling towers can be used in indoor and outdoor applications. The performance of the cooling tower, water outlet temperature, and efficiency is expressed as functions of the watertoair flow rate ratio, lg. Types and performance evaluation, efficient system operation. An exergy analysis on the performance of a counterflow wet.
Simulation of a counterflow and crossflow cooling tower. We do things differently and it makes all the difference for you. Filmfill has gained prominence in the cooling tower industry because of its ability to expose greater water surface within a given packed volume. Assessing the performance of cooling towers and their. Natural draft counterflow towers and mechanical draft counterflow. From our founding leaders who pioneered the cooling tower industry to our experienced and responsive teams, you can rely on ccs to deliver a lasting solution for your cooling needs. For increase the efficiency of cooling tower need to be optimizing this parameter. Assessing the performance of cooling towers and their effect. Counterflow towers also help minimize your pump head requirements. Experimental the tested cooling tower is a forced draft counter.